By Dan Beard
INDIAN SHACKS AND SHELTERS
Figs. 29-33.
Designs Adapted from Indian Models.
While the ingenuity of the white man may make improvements upon the wick-ups,
arbors, huts, and shelters of the native red man, we must not forget that these
native shelters have been used with success by the Indians for centuries, also
we must not forget that our principal objection to many of them lies in the fact
that they are ill ventilated and dirty, both of which defects may be remedied
without materially departing from the lines laid down by the savage architects.
The making of windows will supply ventilation to Indian buts, but the form of
the but we must bear in mind is made to suit the locality in which we find it.
Apache Hogan
The White Mountain Apache builds a tent-shaped shack (Figs. 29 and 32) which
is practically the same as that already described and shown in Figs. 18 and 19,
the difference being that the Apache shack is not covered with birch bark, a
material peculiar to the North, but the Apache uses a thatch of the rank grass
to be found where his shacks are located. Today, however, the White Mountain
Apache has become so degenerate and so lost to the true sense of dignity as a
savage that he stoops to use corn-stalks with which to thatch the long, sloping
sides of his shed-like house- but by so doing he really shows good horse sense, for corn-stalks and corn leaves make good material for the
purpose.
San Carlos Shack
The San Carlos Apache Indians build a dome-shaped but by making a framework
of small saplings bent in arches as the boys did in Kentucky when the writer was
himself a lad, and as shown in Fig. 30. The ends of the pole are sunk into the
ground in the form of a circle, while their tips are bent over and bound
together thus forming a series of loops which overlap each other and give
stability and support to the principal loops which run from the ground to the
top of the dome. The Indians thatch these huts with bear-grass arranged in
overlapping rows and held in place with strings (see Fig. 69) made of yucca
leaves (Fig. 31).
Chippewa Shack
Much farther north I have seen the Chippewa Indians build a framework in
practically the same manner as the San Carlos Apache, but the Chippewas covered
their frame with layers of birch bark held in place by ropes stretched over it
as shown in Fig. 32. The door to their huts consisted of a blanket portiere.
In the same locality to-day it would be difficult if not impossible to
procure such large strips of birch bark;. but the dome-shaped frame is a good
one to be used in many localities and, like all other frames, it can be covered
with the material at hand. It may be shingled with smaller pieces of bark,
covered with brush and thatched with browse or with hay, straw, palmetto leaves,
palm leaves, or rushes, or it may be plastered over with mud and made an adobe
hut.
Pima Lodge
The Pima Indians make a flat-roofed lodge with slanting walls (Fig. 33) which
may be adapted for our use in almost any section of the country. It can be made
warm and tight for the far North and cool and airy for the arid regions of the
Southwest. The framework, as you may see by referring to the diagram, is similar
to the wick-ups we men made when we were boys, and which are described in the American Boy's Handy
Book, consisting of four upright posts
supporting in their crotches two crosspieces over which a flat roof is made by
placing poles across. But the sides of this shack are not upright but made by
resting leaning poles against the eaves.
White Man's Walls
The principal difference between a white man's architecture and the Indian's
lies in the fact that the white man, with brick, stone, or frame house in his
mind, is possessed of a desire to build perpendicular walls-walls which are hard
to thatch and difficult to cover with turf, especially in the far North, where
there is no true sod such as we understand in the middle country, where our
grass grows thickly with interlacing roots. Boys will do well to remember this
and imitate the Indian in making planting walls for their shacks, shanties, and
shelters in t he woods. If they have boards or stone or brick or logs with which
to build they may, with propriety, use a perpendicular wall. The Pima Indians,
according to Pliny Earle Goddard, associate curator of anthropology of the
American Museum of Natural History, thatch their houses with arrow brush and not
infrequently bank the sides of the shack with dirt.
Adobe Roof
If you want to put a dirt roof on a shack of this description, cover the
poles with small boughs or browse, green or dry leaves, straw, hay, grass, or
rushes and put the sod over the top of this. If in place of making the roof
flat, as shown in Fig. 33, you slant it so as to shed the rain, this sort of
shack will do for almost any climate, but with a flat roof it is only fitted for
the arid country or for a shelter from the sun when it is not expected to be
used during the rain.
Navajo
The teepee-shaped but used by the Navajo Indians will shed the rain. To build
this shack interlock three forked sticks as shown in the diagram, then lay other
poles up against the forks of these sticks so that the butts of the poles will
form a circle on the ground (Fig. 34). Thatch this with any material handy,
after which you may cover it with dirt as the Navajos do, in which case you had
better build a hallway for entrance, as shown in Fig. 35. This same teepee form
is used by the California Indians and thatched with wild lay (Fig. 34 1/2).
See Also:
Shelters, Shacks
& Shanties