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By Robert De Groat


Native Paint Brush and 3 Knives

Primitive man's tools were rough, crude, sharpened pieces of wood, bone, flint, or metal.  Perhaps his war club was his first combined weapon and tool.  Through the ages tools have developed and improved to our present day fine tools made of steel and other rare tempered metals.


Adze Made of Old File and Bone Handle

Natives cut decorative wood patterns with knives.  Today the knife is used as one of the important wood-carving tools.  In addition, chisels, gouges, veiners and parting tools of various shapes, sizes and temper are also used.  A careful thoughtful wood carver uses the fewest possible tools, and gets results with those few.


Chipping Board with Adze Made from Axe Blade

 

The Most Useful Tools for Smaller Poles and Objects

bulletScout knife well sharpened.
bulletVeiner or parting tool.
bulletShort bend or spoon gouge.
bulletBack bent gauge.
bulletSmall hack saw.
bulletA work bench, bench hook and wooden vise.

Results of Several Methods of Chipping with Adze

 

The Most Useful Tools for Larger Poles and Objects

bulletScout axe, well ground and sharpened.
bulletTwo-man or buck saw, smaller saws.
bulletLarge felling axe.
bulletHeavy 1 1/2 inch chisels, one flat, another half-round.
bulletHeavy gouges, at least two sizes.
bulletAdze.

In carving larger poles it is sometimes handier to have the pole raised up on horses, thus bringing the work to a more convenient height.


Side and bottom views of 
an adze show how quills 
take up slack and add 
spring to the contrivance.

Two carving knives used by 
the Indians in making totem poles, 
and the sheathes that go with them. 
At bottom is a chisel.

 

 Adzes

 
Three hand Adzes.

Originally the handles of adzes were made from the bones of whales. The cutting edges were hard bone, slate, or flint.

The North American natives quickly adopted and utilized the fine steel of the white man's axes and files, finding that with such tools they could work much more rapidly and produce better results.


Various types of adze handles, some of them bearing decorative carvings.

Nowadays willow wood is used for the handles of adzes. A Scout can saw an axe in two pieces and have two adze blades. Or he can grind down a file.

The handle can be carved from willow wood and a thong used to bind the blade to the handle.

Quills of feather were inserted by the Indians to take up any slack.

 

Treatment of Tools

The wood carver must be able to sharpen, set and keep his tools in order. Remember that:

bulletTools require grinding on grindstone.
bulletWhetting on oil stone or slips.
bulletFinally (for smaller tools) stropping on a leather strop.

Demonstrating the Method of Holding the Adze

Often tools are sold which are already ground.  These need to be whetted and stropped.

If possible secure a grindstone provided with a pedal for foot power. Thus both hands will be free to hold the tool while grinding.  Flat stones require more manipulation and are much harder to use.


How to Hold the Crooked Knife in Carving

The stone is revolved away from the person.  The tools must be held to give long slope, at least a 60 degree slant.  When the thickness of the cutting edge is ground down, it must be whetted by rubbing on an oil stone.  The white line must not be visible when the eye looks down upon the cutting edge when it is held against the light.   Both sides of most tools must be sharpened. 


Back of Mask Showing Rough Chiseling and Chipping

Straight-edged tools--chisels, skews--must be whetted on both sides and on an oil stone.  Curved tools are sharpened on specially shaped stones, "slips," because inside and outside edges require sharpening.  The V-shaped tool requires a wedge-shaped slip for sharpening.

When grinding chisels, skews, straight or oblique, hold them in the right hand, press upon the shank with the fingers of the left hand to secure a flat surface. Move tools across the stone right and left as stone revolves.  Do not hold in one position as ruts are likely to be worn in tool.  When the edge is sufficiently thin rub tool on oil stone which has been covered with thin coat of any good oil.  When sufficiently whetted, strop to clean up edge.  Strop may be made of a good piece of buffed leather, 8 inches by 2 inches.  This is covered with paste of tallow or crocus powder.  Hold strop straight and firm. Draw tool down evenly and quickly toward you.   Repeat this until tool has fine edge.

When grinding gouges and flutes, you will find more difficulty in the sharpening process.  Their convex side must be next to stone and a rolling movement kept up from side to side to attain even convexity over whole edge.


This diagram illustrates the Indians' method of rolling a totem pole upright into a hole prepared as shown. The log underneath rolls down the incline, helping to bring the totem upright.

For general purposes keep the edges level.  After grinding these, they may be whetted on flat oil stone by rolling motion on the convex side.  Tools with decided curvature are better whetted on flat side of "slip" held in left hand so that the cutting edge may be watched.  For the inside of the tool a slip with plenty of oil and an edge to fit the curve is best.  Be sure to hold slip at an angle with tool.  Flat gouges are stropped by laying edge flatly on leather.  Larger gouges may be rubbed on ridge of strop formed by rounding or squeezing up strop into a round form.  To sharpen small V-shaped tools shape pieces of wood in strips to fit inside and cover with crocus paste.

Totem Poles

 

 

   

 

 


Additional Information:

Peer- Level Topic Links:
[ Materials&Tools ] Totem Pole Design ] Totem Pole Stories ] Camp Uses ] Authentic Totems ] Patrol Totems ] Use of Color ] Totem Gifts ] Totem Paper Knives ] Totem Miniatures ] Totem Museum ] Totem Contest ] Preserving Totems ] A Totem Talks ] Bibliography ]

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Native Skills ] Totem Poles ] Indian Sign Language ] Indian Ceremonies ] Indian Dance ] Indian Songs ] Birch Bark Dances ] Birch Bark Songs ] Birch Bark Plays ] Indian Games for Boys ]

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Last modified: October 15, 2016.